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MONARPOP  Methods  Examined pollutants
last updated: July 19, 2005

Examined pollutants and parameters

The survey includes a wide range of POPs, some other organic pollutants but also biochemical parameters.

MONARPOP focuses on chemicals which belong to the "Dirty Dozen" - twelve compounds which, by toxicity and amounts released, are of particular environmental concern.

In addition to these, MONARPOP also examines needle concentrations of VOC (volatile organic compounds). Apart from the measurement of pollutant concentrations, selected physiological parameters will be determined:

  • activity of detoxifying enzymes in Spruce needles
  • response of living cells (bioassays) to pollutants contained in Spruce needles
POPs investigated: 
PCDD/F - polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins / polychlorinated dibenzofurans: large group of structurally similar substances with different amounts and positions of bound chlorine (these differences decide about the toxicity of the individual dioxin/furan). Became famous after Seveso-accident and as toxic contaminants of "Agent Orange" herbicide used in Vietnam war. Never produced intentionally but contained as an impurity in other chemicals (eg, PCB: see below). PCDD/F are also generated when garbage containing chlorine is burnt, or during certain industrial processes (eg, sintering of ore).
PCB - polychlorinated biphenyls: heterogeneous group, again the toxicity depends on number and position of chlorine bound in the molecule, but usually "congener mixtures" of several PCB were employed. PCB have been used in vast amounts, mostly for electrical and mechanical appliances, and in building (eg, for sealing masses). PCB use has been banned in many EU countries for 20 years or longer, but they are still released from contaminated constructions or improper waste treatment.
PAH - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: members of this group consist of two or more molecular rings (polycyclic) and vary considerably regarding physico-chemical properties, persistency and toxicity. They are released during the incineration of organic matter, notably from road traffic and domestic heating.
PCP - pentachlorophenol: earlier used as a biocide.
halogenated organopesticides: MONARPOP screening includes a broad range of chlorinated and brominated pesticides: Toxaphene, Chlordane, Lindane, HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), HCB (Hexachlorobenzene), Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Mirex, DDT (and metabolites), and Heptachlor.
PBDE - polybrominated diphenylethers: used in large amounts as a flame retardant (eg, electrical and electronial equipment or furniture). PBDE raise increasing concern as they are found everywhere in the environment and their is evidence suggesting detrimental effects of low doses on human and animal health.
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